Starting in the seventeenth century, there was one drink that was capable of supporting commerce and global economies. The great soberer; coffee. Originating in Arabia, the drink started to gain attention with its ability to quench thirst while not being possible contaminated. This made it an intimidating rival to beer. Many new commercial ideals about how to appear during business were consequentially created. One being the promotion of awareness instead of being slightly intoxicated for work. This idea was more associated to the business and scientific fields. Thus giving rise to those types of innovative jobs in the economy. By the eighteenth century, coffee had found its way from the hands of the Arabic, to the Dutch, and French. During its travel, coffee met many who opposed its arrival. One such example would be in Europe. Religion at the time was opposed to coffee, thinking it evil, and those who drank it to be dammed to do so. However, that view on the consumer item changed when Pope Julius VIII tried the drink before his passing. His reaction to its splendid taste was so vibrant, that he changed the christian's view on the beverage forever. This commodity, has had one of the greatest impacts on society that has shaped the world until common day.
Thursday, November 6, 2014
Wednesday, November 5, 2014
Raphael - The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple: essay
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, more commonly known as Raphael was considered a master of the Renaissance. He was famous for his grace, emotion, and spacial geometry shown in his works. He contributed to the movement of Mannerism and Classicism in the Renaissance. Mannerism being excessive incongruity or stretching of human figures, and Classicism being rational, strict, and restrained forms of art. During his time as an artist, Raphael moved from using more of a Classicism and controlled art form to a dynamic form starting from his fresco painting, "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple" in 1512, onward.
This work was commissioned by Julius II. It depicts a scene of Heliodorus stealing treasure in a Jewish temple, and bystanders, including Pope Julius, watching the commotion. The fresco can be described as chaotic, desperate, authoritarian, and aghast. The painting shows these qualities because of the emotion showed by the crowd of onlookers in the scene. Most of them seem to be struck with terror and astonished at what is taking place. During this however, Julius the second is sitting in a chair representing the power of the church.
Friday, October 31, 2014
Marin Luther - The Freedom of a Christian: thoughts and reflections
Marin Luther states in his passage of The Freedom of a Cristian, that a christian is subject to everyone and none at the same time. He explains that their souls is free to delight in righteousness and liberty of a christen spirit. This happens while their physical body may be enduring harm, but this outward hardship has no effect on the freedom of the soul. Marin Luther also explains the faith of christians. Their faith belongs to the word of God which brings salvation to ones soul. In christian faith, God teaches His lessons through the mind and soul and is above all else in spiritual power. Spiritual power is strength made by one's weaknesses, and is when a person can turn all things into those that profit for their salvation. In other words, the more one suffers from physical hurt, the more of a christian they are. This is why there is no gain for the well being of one's physical body.
To me, an atheist, spiritual power means the embodiment of one's beliefs of what is good or wrong, happy or sad, and what they should do with their life according to their ideals. Spiritual power is also the capability of believing in one's self in life, and having hopes for the future. It is the power of a soul to keep going, and making the most out of life.
Sunday, October 26, 2014
The Prince: thoughts and reflections
According to Machiavelli, the writer of The Prince, there are a few things that a ruler must do to best control his state. A ruler should be self reliant. When he is self reliant he will be respected by his citizens, those around him, and those he has conquered. A ruler should also needs to understand that his power always depends on internal support, and as the ruler he should find it a necessity to gain that support. This idea of internal support is also related to obtaining the support of one's people. If a ruler's people are insured that they will be able survive through hard times, then they will fortify the city and the ruler of that city.
Another point that Machiavelli put forth in his novel was the idea that a prince must use violence and deceit when necessary. Machiavelli states that a prince must be extremely cruel to his those he rules and then cease his involvement so his subjects forget about what he has done. The reason why he believes it is ok for the prince to act this way towards his citizens is because if the prince is to compassionate he will create a atmosphere of disorder. This would mean that those who are disloyal, would not be properly punished. The prince must also enforce hardship to uphold his strength and control over his subjects. More will bow and obey his rule if they are scared of being punished rather than being rewarded for their good deeds. With all these ideas, Machiavelli lastly states, that a Prince while inducing fear must not create hatred towards himself, for that is something that would threaten his position of power.
Friday, October 17, 2014
The Aztecs and Spanish Comic: Brutality to the Brutal
Ellie Enichen
Amanda Soper
Timon Thume
Marianne Zhu
Period 3
World History II
Brutality on the Brutal
Project Outline
Intro into the time period
-Siberians cross tundra bride linking Asia and North America
-Glaciers melted, oceans rose, and stormy water causes bridge to go away
-People in the Americas begin to farm, settle down, and form cities
Intro into Aztec story and life
-Brutal civilization rises (the Aztec)
-Aztecs can’t find a place to live so they wander
-Reach Lake Texcoco
-Build a civilization called Tenochtitlan
-Tenochtitlan becomes one of the largest cities in the world (held almost five million people)
-Society possessed a government that worked, handsome buildings, painters, poets, historians, even historians
-However, Aztec society characterized by human sacrifices
-Christopher Columbus arrives in the new world
-Sails home and tells others about his journeys
-Others follow (many of them were Spaniards)
Hernan Cortez
-Cuba’s governor chose Cortez to lead expedition to America’s mainland
-Burns ships when they reached mainland so they couldn’t leave
-Many different indians disliked the Aztec so they joined the Spaniards on their conquest
Spanish Strength/takeover
-The Spanish had superior weapons, horses, guns, swords of steel, pikes, and crossbows
- 508 soldiers
-IMPORTANT: POSSESSED THE WILL TO WIN
The Spaniards crushed the Aztec army
-Spaniards destroyed temples, stole royal’s gold,
-Spanish lost ⅓ of their men
-The Aztec ruler, Montezuma, was killed
-Spaniards raped Indian women, kill their soldiers.
Disease
-Smallpox started in 151
-At the same time they brought back the smallpox.
-Spread out in the Europe.
Christianity
-Church- powerful, but power decrease, but still powerful in new world.
-Force native to believe in christianity.
-Force them to give up native religion
Society afterward
-Bring Christianity to native nation
-Develop mine and farming, and improve domestic animals
-Extend Spanish rule through the country
Conclusion
-Nationalism
-Desire for power
-Because of their superior weapons and will to win, they did.
List of Images Needed
Ellie needs:
Tundra bridge linking Asia and North America
Siberians walking across America
The ocean
Ancient farming
Map of South America
Growing of corn
Ancient Aztec city
Drawing of the brutal Aztec
Map of Aztec migration to Lake Texcoco
Lake Texcoco city
Intricacy of canals and bridges of Lake Texcoco
Aztec killing
Aztec sacrifices
Prosperous Aztec city
Timon needs:
Columbus arrives to the new world in a boat
Columbus goes home on a boat
Spanish come to the new world - Hernan Cortez
The spanish talking next to boats about what they want
For background info on Cortez, a picture of Cuba’s governor at the time (Velasquez)
Another picture of the Spanish (maybe) of the arriving on the coast of Mexico where the Aztecs lived
Cortez burning their ships
Soldiers talking among themselves that they are stranded in the new world and have to fight
Indians joining the Spanish
Other indians fighting against them
Amanda needs:
Spaniards with swords, guns, horses, cannons
Aztecs afraid (of spaniards?)
A bunch of spanish soldiers, cheering if possible
Spaniards in a solid ranks and/or Aztecs charging in an unorganized mob
Spaniards conquering and taking aztec gold
assassination of Montezuma if possible (if not, just spaniards killing aztecs)
other indians fighting spaniards and dying
Aztecs dying of disease
Europeans dying of disease
Marianne needs:
Christian war
Aztecs change believe
Society of Aztecs before conquer and after.
Mining/farming
Aztecs type of Christianity
Conquer
Ellie needs for conclusion:
Spanish Flag
Gold
Spanish conquistador
The cross
Guns, horses, swords
Disease
List of Essential Details
A handful of Siberians travel the tundra bridge linking Asia and North America
Siberians scatter throughout North America
Glaciers melt, oceans rise, stormy water cuts of bridge from Asia to North America
Indians of the Americas learn to farm, settle down, begin to live in cities
Area of rapid change occurs mainly in Mexico, central America, and a portion of Peru
Indians learn how to grow corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cocoa, avocados, tomatoes, chili peppers, squash, string and lima beans, tobacco, and shrubs that yield cocaine
As farming begins, peasants in the area begin to have more to eat, their numbers grow, they settle down, and so on and so forth
City states develop
Brutal civilization of the Aztec develops
Aztec forced to leave northern Mexico (possibly because they became too numerous)
Aztecs become nomads and wander southward toward the Valley of Mexico
Reach swampy islands off of the southwest shore of Lake Texcoco
Create a civilization on the islands, building bridges linking islands to the mainland, canals across the islands, etc.
Lake Texcoco becomes one of the largest cities in the world
Aztec develop a rich and ample empire using trickery and deceit
Aztec empire stretches across Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
Aztec empire characterized by human sacrifice
Every year Aztecs would sacrifice 15,000 prisoners
However, Aztec had a working government, buildings, painters, poets, astronomers, historians, and their own form of politicians, soldiers, priests, and tax collectors
Christopher Columbus arrives in the new world
Sails home and tells others about his journeys
Others follow (many of them were Spaniards)
One of these Spaniards was Hernan Cortez
They wanted adventure, treasure, land, and people that they could rule
Hernan Cortez
Cuba’s governor chose Cortez to lead expedition to America’s mainland
He gathered ships to sail to the eastern coast of Mexico (where the Aztecs were)
Burns ships when they reached mainland so they couldn’t leave
This made his soldiers either have to conquer or die
Many different indians disliked the Aztec so they joined the Spaniards on their
Other Indians tried to drive them back
Spanish Strength/Takeover
The Spanish had superior weapons
horses, guns, swords of steel, pikes, cannons, and crossbows
The weapons were not only powerful and deadly but they terrified the Aztecs and other indians
508 soldiers
Possessed the will to win
Indians charged in yelling mobs, Spaniards fought in ordered ranks
The Spaniards crushed the Aztec army
Spaniards destroyed temples, stole royal’s gold,
Spanish lost ⅓ of their men
The Aztec ruler, Montezuma, was killed
Spaniards raped Indian women, kill their soldiers.
Other indians besides the Aztec tried to fight them but they failed as well
Disease
Smallpox started in 151
At the same time they brought back the smallpox, measles, and dysentery.
The indians had never been exposed to these diseases and therefore had no immunity or treatment.
The diseases changed while they were in the New World. When the diseases were transported back to Europe, they spread quickly and killed many people.
Christianity
Church power decrease-- need more believer
Force native to believe in christianity.
Force them to give up native religion
Use violence
Society afterward
Bring Christianity to native nation
Develop mine and farming, and improve domestic animals
Extend Spanish rule through the country
Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521
Destroy the old Mexico building and build the new city over the ruins
Within 2 years, the Aztecs empire is totally destroyed.
Brutality on the Brutal Script
Ellie’s part:
Slide 1- Our story begins with the journey of a handful of Siberians, Siberians who embarked upon the route to the New World by crossing the tundra bridge linking Asia and North America.
Slide 2- The Siberians arrived in the New World to find an utterly undiscovered continent. They separated and dispersed throughout the land, some venturing down into what we today call Central and South America.
Slide 3- Meanwhile, as centuries passed, glaciers melted, oceans rose, and stormy water cut off the bridge the Siberians used.
Slide 4- And the ancestors of the Siberians who traveled to the New World began to learn to farm, settle down, and live in cities.
Slide 5- And rapid change began to occur, especially in Mexico.
Slide 6- Many of the peoples in Mexico began to learn how to grow corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cocoa, avocados, tomatoes, chili peppers, squash, string and lima beans, tobacco, and even shrubs that yielded cocaine. Not long after, city states began to develop.
Slide 7- And along with that came the development of the brutal civilization of the Aztec.
Person 1 in photo: “Kill!”
Slide 8- The Aztec developed in Northern Mexico, but they were forced to leave, possibly because they became too numerous.They wandered southward toward the Valley of Mexico until they reached Lake Texcoco.
Slide 9- When they reached Lake Texcoco, they began to build a city, complete with bridges linking islands to the mainland, canals throughout the islands, and more.
Slide 10: This city soon became one of the biggest in the world at the time.
Slide 11: However, while the Aztec were able to create this spectacular city and an empire stretching across Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, they did this through means of trickery, deceit, and violence.
Person 1 in photo: “You were supposed to be our ally!”
Person 2 in photo: “Kill him.”
Slide 12- The Aztec also actively participated in human sacrifice. Every year the Aztec would sacrifice 15,000 prisoners.
Person: “For you, my god. I am sure you are hungry.”
Slide 13- However, despite the violent ways of the Aztec and their society, they still flourished. They had a working government, buildings, painters, poets, astronomers, historians, and even their own form of politicians, soldiers, priests, and tax collectors.
Timon’s part:
Slide 1- As the Aztec's society reached its peak, the early explorer, Christopher Columbus, left for the new world from Spain, where queen Isabella saw him off to his voyage.
Slide 2- Columbus arrived on the eastern coast of the new world.
Slide 3- After which, Columbus sailed back to Spain to report his findings to the queen.
Columbus: "These are the spoils of my venture."
Slide 4- After Columbus, other explorers followed. One of which was Herán Cortés, a spanish conquistador.
Slide 5- Cuba's governor, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, chose Cortés to lead an expedition to America's mainland.
Cortés: "I am to lead the expedition?"
Slides 6 & 7- Cortés then gathered ships and sailed to the eastern coast of Mexico. He proceeded to burn his ships so he and his men couldn't leave and had to either conquer or die.
Crew: "We want adventure, treasure, land, and people we can rule!"
Slide 8- Different local indians disliked the brutal Aztecs, and so joined the spaniards in their quest for power. These friendly indigenous people helped with hauling weapons, giving out provisions, and fought beside the spaniards.
Cortés: "Fight on!"
Slide 9- At the same time however, they fought against other indians, driving Cortés and his men back as they resisted.
Ellie’s conclusion:
Slide - How could this happen and why? Well, it partially had to do with the nationalism felt by the countries in Europe at the time...the competition among the countries that encouraged exploration.
Slide - And the greed for gold among countries.
Slide - And the greed for glory, and power, among countries.
Slide - And the need to convert the people of the New World into Christians. The fear of difference felt by the Europeans, and their desire to transform the South American empires into empires of their own largely drove the violent European conquests.
Slide - And because the Europeans had superior technologies such as horses, guns, swords of steel, pikes, and crossbows and the will to win.
Slide - And because they brought over diseases that wiped out entire populations, they were able to win.
Thursday, October 16, 2014
Sunday, October 5, 2014
The Human Story - The New World Falls to the Old: thoughts and reflections
During the 15th and 16th centuries native american civilizations would come to a close with the arrival of Europeans in the new world. The Spanish were the first to create a dramatic impact on the natives of the new world. Their goal was to conquer and pillage the land. With the overthrowing of the Aztec empire the Spanish destroyed the cultural transitions of the race as well as appointed themselves at the top of the economic and political systems. The spanish also did the same with the Incan civilization. The Europeans also brought with them epidemics that killed off many of the native people. These diseases were then morphed and brought back to Europe and spread throughout the whole of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
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